Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study ordinary, zero-form symmetry G and its anomalies in a system with a oneform symmetry Γ.In a theory with one-form symmetry, the action of G on charged line operators is not completely determined, and additional data, a fractionalization class, needs to be specified.Distinct choices of a fractionalization class can result in different values for the anomalies of G if the theory has an anomaly involving Γ.Therefore, the computation of the 't Hooft anomaly for an ordinary symmetry G generally requires first discovering the one-form symmetry Γ of the physical system.We show that the multiple values of the anomaly for G can be realized by twisted gauge transformations, since twisted gauge transformations shift fractionalization classes.We illustrate these ideas in QCD theories in diverse dimensions.We successfully match the anomalies of time-reversal symmetries in 2 + 1d gauge theories, across the different fractionalization classes, with previous conjectures for the infrared phases of such strongly coupled theories, and also provide new checks of these proposals.We perform consistency checks of recent proposals about two-dimensional adjoint QCD and present new results about the anomaly of the axial Z 2N symmetry in 3 + 1d N = 1 super-Yang-Mills.Finally, we study fractionalization classes that lead to 2-group symmetry, both in QCD-like theories, and in 2 + 1d Z 2 gauge theory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.860 | 0.866 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".