Characterisation and standardisation of different-origin end-of-life building materials for assessment of circularity
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Construction and demolition waste (CDW) management and recycling practices are crucial for transitioning to a circular economy. The focus of this study was on the detailed characterisation of different CDWs (hollow brick (HB), red clay brick (RCB), roof tile (RT), concrete and glass) collected from seven different demolition sites in Turkey. The CDWs were characterised based on particle size distribution, chemical composition and crystalline nature. Pozzolanic activity was evaluated through compressive strength measurements of cement mortars made with 20% cement replacement by CDWs at 7, 28 and 90 days. The results showed that the clayey CDWs exhibited similar physical/chemical properties and crystalline structures. The compositions of the waste concretes varied significantly based on their original materials. All the CDWs satisfied the minimum strength activity index (SAI) for supplementary cementitious materials, with pozzolanic activity influenced by the fineness and silica + alumina contents. The average SAIs for the HB, RCB, RT, concrete and glass were, respectively, 84.5%, 86.3%, 83.4%, 80.7% and 75.8%. Clayey CDWs contributed to mechanical strength development, while the contribution of concretes was related to the hydration of unreacted cementitious particles. Glass exhibited the weakest pozzolanic activity due to its coarser particle size. Overall, the CDWs demonstrated suitable properties for use as supplementary cementitious materials in Portland cement based systems.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it