Enhanced Non-Maximum Suppression for the Detection of Steel Surface Defects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Quality control in manufacturing equipment relies heavily on the detection of steel surface defects. Recently, there have been an increasing number of efforts in which object detection techniques have been utilized to achieve promising results in the detection of steel surface defects since the defect patterns can be considered objects. To enhance the detection performance in the object detection problem, the non-maximum suppression (NMS) step, which eliminates redundant boxes overlapped with a box having the greatest detection score, is essential. In this work, we propose a novel NMS to improve the detection method of steel surface defects. The proposed NMS approach is composed of three novel techniques: IoU regularization, threshold adjustment, and comparison rule modification to enhance the detection performance. To evaluate the performance of the proposed NMS, we carry out extensive numerical experiments using the YOLOv7 and EfficientDet models on the steel surface defect datasets, NEU-DET and GC10-DET. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed NMS outperforms the conventional NMS methods in both quantitative and qualitative manners.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".