Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation as a standard of care in the future: a literature review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Background:</ns4:bold> The use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is limited generally to situations where traditional CPR failed to restore a patient's heart rhythm. Although ECPR is not regarded as the standard of care for cardiac arrest patients, it might be a more effective treatment for some forms of cardiac arrest. This literature review explores the efficacy of ECPR as a potential standard of care for cardiac arrest in the future. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Methods:</ns4:bold> English language publications fulfilling eligibility criteria from 2010 to 2023 were found through a literature search using four electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and IEEE Explore). Articles were included in this literature review for fulfilling following criteria: empirical primary studies evaluating ECPR in human subjects with either IHCA or OHCA; articles published in English between 2010 and 2023; articles exploring ECPR in cardiac arrest across all ages of patients. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Results</ns4:bold> : 12 studies out of 1,092 search results met the inclusion criteria for data extraction and synthesis. Data extracted included the efficacy of ECPR in both IHCA and OHCA patients based on the PICO framework. The quality of study done by NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for Cohort Studies) resulted in three studies with moderate quality while nine were of high quality. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Conclusions:</ns4:bold> ECPR was associated with neurologically intact survival with favorable neurological outcomes compared to a standard CRP for cardiac arrest patients. This study also demonstrates that, at the moment, ECPR is the most successful in centers with a well-trained multidisciplinary ECMO team of experts. On the other hand, cardiac arrest patients in semi-rural areas and underdeveloped locations are likely to benefit less from ECPR interventions due to the lack of necessary ECPR expertise and infrastructure. Those individuals eligible for ECPR benefit from better neurological outcomes and associated higher survival rates. </ns4:p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".