Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Morphology Negatively Affected by Loss of Xin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Altered mitochondrial structure and function are implicated in the functional decline of skeletal muscle. Numerous cytoskeletal proteins have been reported to affect mitochondrial homeostasis, but this complex network is still being unraveled. Here, we investigated alterations to mitochondrial structure and function in mice lacking the cytoskeletal adapter protein, Xin. Xin deficient (Xin-/-) and wild-type (WT) littermate mice were fed a chow or high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat) for 8 weeks before high-resolution respirometry, histology, electron microscopy and Western blot analyses of their skeletal muscles were conducted. Immuno-electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining indicates that Xin is present in the mitochondria and peri-mitochondrial areas, as well as the myoplasm. Intermyofibrillar mitochondria in chow-fed Xin-/- mice were notably different from WT; frequently spanning a whole sarcomere and/or swollen in appearance with abnormal cristae. Succinate Dehydrogenase and Cytochrome Oxidase IV (COX) activity staining indicated greater evidence of mitochondrial enzyme activity in Xin-/- mice. HFD did not result in a difference between cohorts with respect to body mass gains or glucose handling. However, electron microscopy revealed significantly greater mitochondrial density (∼2.1-fold) with evident structural abnormalities (swelling, reduced cristae density) in Xin-/- mice. Complex I and II-supported respiration were not different between groups per mg muscle, but when made relative to mitochondrial density, were significantly lower in Xin-/- muscles. Western blotting of fusion, fission, and autophagy proteins revealed no differences between groups. These results provide the first evidence for a role of Xin in maintaining mitochondrial morphology and function but not in regulating mitochondrial dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".