Bibliographic record
Abstract
Discourses are not once and for all subservient to power or raised up against it, any more than silences are…Discourse transmits and produces power; it reinforces it, but also undermines and exposes it, renders it fragile and makes it possible to thwart it.In like manner, silence and secrecy are a shelter for power, anchoring its prohibitions; but they also loosen its holds and provide for relatively obscure areas of tolerance.1 -Michel Foucault eing silenced and being silent can be very different experiences.While the former is typically represented as censorship, a tool of oppression, the latter can be a place of resistance.Silence can also be simultaneously liberating and oppressive.This ambiguity of silence is outlined in Michel Foucault's History of Sexuality.For Foucault, silence, which includes "the things one declines to say, or is forbidden to name, the discretion that is required between different speakers" is an essential component of discourse, and cannot be separated from the power relationships therein. 2 Silence is not "the absolute limit of discourse," but rather exists in relationship with the things that are 1.Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality Volume I: An Introduction, trans.Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage-Random House, 1978), 100-101.2. Foucault, History of Sexuality, 27.B uttered. 3 Alongside discourse and power, silence, for Foucault, is non-binary, relational, contingent, and always shifting.4 There are many kinds of silence, and each can be used in various ways to various ends.This paper examines how Roman Catholic women in the United States engage silence as a form of resistance in their relationship with the Catholic Church, to manage their own fertility.This silence involves the use of proscribed methods of birth control and a corresponding rejection of the obligation to confess this impropriety to the Church.This paper suggests that utilizing discretion while contravening papal authority on contraceptives allows many American Catholic women private control over their own fertility and reproductive health, without provoking significant opposition or criticism from the Church.However, to participate in such a silence requires a certain amount of privilege among lay Catholics, including the ability to access birth control products and information outside of the purview of Catholic institutions, as well as the resources to afford such products.This privilege of privacy is becoming increasingly elusive to many women and their families seeking access to contraceptives, as Catholic hospitals increase in number and influence in the United States while maintaining restrictions on contraceptive provisions.Moreover, an increase in Catholic control of reproductive healthcare is related to this silent resistance, because, as the laity maintains a silence on birth control, the Catholic Church in turn remains free from public opposition.Therefore, while certain individuals may benefit from such a resistance, many others will be hindered in their access to contraceptive information and resources.This paper is a thought 3.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.090 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".