Bibliographic record
Abstract
Maine de Biran (1766-1824) holds an usual place in the history of philosophy.On the one hand, Biran exercised substantial influence on the intellectual discussions of his day, corresponding at length with important French intellectual figures such as the natural scientist André-Marie Ampere (1775-1836).He was among the first French philosophers to read and interpret Immanuel Kant, so he is an important figure in the French reception of German idealism.Although little of his work was published in his lifetime, he was nonetheless a founder of the French spiritualism tradition, a movement which foregrounds questions of the mind (l'esprit) that included some of the most important French philosophers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries such as Victor Cousin (1792-1867), Félix Ravaisson (1813-1900), and Henri Bergson (1859-1941).For his resonances with German idealism, Hippolyte Taine described Maine de Biran as "un Fichte français." 1 In his own overview of French philosophy, Henri Bergson mused that with Biran's project "on peut se demander si la voie que ce philosophe a ouverte n'est pas celle où la métaphysique devra marcher définitivement." 2 Michel Henry, a French phenomenologist who wrote a study on Biran, considered him to be "that prince of thought, who merits being regarded by us in the same way as Descartes and
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".