Study identifies prostate cancer-related disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous men in a universal health care system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Cochrane Library.The single most reliable source of evidence in healthcareThe Cochrane Reviews highlighted below are available from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (www.thecochranelibrary.com) Cochrane Reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges and in response to feedback, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews should always be consulted for the most recent version of the review. Study identifies prostate cancer-related disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous men in a universal health care system JULY 10, 2023 -Indigenous people in Canada have higher illness rates and lower life expectancies than non-Indigenous Canadians.A new study reveals that Indigenous men in the country who have prostate cancer are being diagnosed with more advanced and more aggressive tumors than their non-Indigenous counterparts.The findings are published by Wiley online in CANCER, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Cancer Society.To identify disparities in prostate cancer screening, diagnoses, management, and outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous men in Canada, a team led by Adam Kinnaird, MD, PhD, of the University of Alberta, examined data on 1,444,974 men who were screened for prostate cancer in 2014-2022 and were enrolled in the Alberta Prostate Cancer Research Initiative.When they examined testing rates by postal code, the investigators found that men in Indigenous communities were less likely to have prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests to detect prostate cancer than men outside of Indigenous communities (32 vs. 46 PSA tests per 100 men aged 50-70 years within one year).Also, among 6,049 men diagnosed with prostate cancer, Indigenous men were more likely to have PSA levels 10 ng/mL (48% vs. 30%), stage II or higher cancer (65% vs. 47%), and high-grade tumors (79% vs. 64%) than non-Indigenous men.In addition, over a median follow-up of 3.3 years, Indigenous patients were 2.3-times more likely to experience cancer spread, or metastasis, than non-Indigenous patients."What is critical about this is that these results come from within a publicly funded universal health care system in which all peoples should have equal access to care," said Dr. Kinnaird."The findings are significant because they identify Indigenous men as a population at risk for more aggressive prostate cancer and potentially worse survival.Key infrastructure changes, including better access to primary care physicians, may help improve prostate cancer screening and identify men at earlier, and curable, stages of the disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".