The influence of midsole horizontal and vertical deformation on soft tissue vibrations and bone acceleration during running
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increased midsole deformation can limit exposure to high impact and vibration magnitudes while running. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of shoes eliciting different midsole deformation on ground reaction forces, heel impact, soft tissue vibrations and bone vibrations. Forty-eight runners performed a 5-min running task on an instrumented treadmill at a self-selected pace with four different shoes. Midsole horizontal and vertical deformations were quantified with relative displacement of seven reflective markers placed on the midsole of the shoe and tracked by eight optoelectronic cameras. Heel impacts, soft tissue and bone vibrations of lower leg muscle groups, sacrum and head were quantified with tri-axial accelerometers. Continuous wavelet transform was used to assess magnitude and frequency of the acceleration data. Linear mixed models and non-parametric one-dimensional regressions between the accelerometer data and shoe deformation were performed. Greater horizontal and vertical deformations decreased the magnitude (up to 4.6% per mm) and frequency (up to 0.6 Hz per mm) of soft tissue vibrations and bone accelerations. Accelerations of the heel, tibia, gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis were more influenced than the sacrum and head. Increasing midsole deformation could therefore mitigate the risk of injury, while increasing running comfort and smoothness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".