AutoATES v2.0: Automated avalanche terrain exposure scale mapping
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. This paper documents substantial improvements to the original automated avalanche terrain exposure mapping (AutoATES v1.0) algorithm. The most significant drawbacks of AutoATES v1.0 have been addressed by including forest density data, improving the avalanche runout estimations in low-angle runout zones, accounting for overhead exposure and open-source software. The algorithm also supports the new ATES v2.0 terrain class ‘extreme’ terrain. We used two benchmark maps from Bow Summit and Connaught Creek to validate the improvements from AutoATES v1.0 to v2.0. For Bow Summit, the F1 score (a measure of how well the algorithm performs) improved from 64.01 % to 77.30 %. For Connaught Creek, the F1 score improved from 39.81 % to 71.38 %. The main challenge limiting large-scale mapping is the determination of optimal input parameters for different regions and climates. In areas where AutoATES v2.0 is applied, it can be a valuable tool for avalanche risk assessment and decision. Ultimately, our goal is for AutoATES v2.0 to enable efficient, large-scale, and potentially global ATES mapping in a standardized manner rather than based solely on expert judgement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".