<i>Bison antiquus</i> from Kenora, Ontario, and Notes on the Evolution of North American Holocene <i>Bison</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An associated skeleton of an adult male Bison <i>antiquus occidentalis</i> from Kenora, Ontario, is radiocarbon dated at 4270±65 yrs BP, making it the youngest unequivocal record for the species. It also extends the range 280 km north and 65 km east of the previously documented limits for the genus in the western Great Lakes area. The Kenora bison died in a shallow pond in an oak-pine woodland; it was experiencing nutritional stress at the time of its death. Both halves of the mandible had been fractured by trauma earlier in life. A review of morphological change in bison during the Holocene shows that later bison, <i>Bison bison</i>, were absolutely smaller, had absolutely shorter limbs, and had more robust upper limbs and more gracile lower limbs, relative to length, than did the earlier bison, <i>Bison antiquus</i>. Compared with that of <i>Bison antiquus</i>, the thoracic limb of <i>Bison bison</i> became elongated relative to the pelvic limb, and limb length increased relative to skull size. Relative to the norm in <i>Bison antiquus</i>, these traits diverged further in the wood bison. <i>Bison bison athabascae</i>, than in the plains bison, <i>Bison bison bison</i>. The patterns of pelage development and social behavior in <i>Bison bison bison</i>, however, are more distant from parallel patterns postulated for <i>Bison antiquus antiquus</i> than are patterns of pelage development and social behavior in <i>Bison bison athabascae</i>.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".