Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Diacetyl is the simplest diketone. It occurs endogenously in humans, is a natural byproduct of bacterial fermentation and pyrolysis of organic matter, and is present naturally in a number of foods. In its pure form, diacetyl is a greenish‐yellow liquid that is moderately soluble in water and has a very strong buttery, quinone‐like, or chlorine‐like odor. It has been used as a synthetic food additive and flavoring, most notably in microwave popcorn, for its buttery and caramel or toffee notes; however, since the mid‐2000s, its use has declined in favor of substitutes. Diacetyl has also been used as a reactant or starting material in chemical and/or biochemical reactions. Exposure to the general population is ubiquitous, not just from use and consumption of flavored consumer products and foods, but also through naturally occurring diacetyl in various foodstuffs and beverages and direct or secondhand exposure to tobacco smoke. Diacetyl has low toxicity from ingestion and dermal exposure. Its respiratory toxicity potential has been thoroughly evaluated via animal studies. As with most volatile organic compounds, the most sensitive health endpoint is upper airways effects and inflammation. Findings from some epidemiological studies have suggested that, at very high concentrations, diacetyl may cause reduced lung function and even severe restrictive or obstructive lung diseases, including bronchiolitis obliterans. In addition, the weight of the evidence indicates that diacetyl is neither a teratogen, nor a carcinogen. Diacetyl's potential as a sensory irritant and respiratory sensitizer remains equivocal.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.124 | 0.070 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".