Evaluation of Postoperative Analgesic Effect of Systemic Use of Tramadol in Female Dogs that Underwent Ovariohysterectomy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractPostoperative pain may cause a series of pathophysiological alterations that may be harmful to animals. The study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and sedative effects of morphine versus tramadol in a single intravenous administration in bitches after ovariohysterectomy. Twenty healthy female dogs were divided into groups: MG received 0.5 mg/kg of morphine and TG received 4 mg/kg of tramadol, both administered intravenously at the end of surgery. The analgesia and sedation were evaluated hourly during 6 hours after the procedure, and the following scales were used for the analgesia evaluation: Lascelles, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Pain scale from Melbourne, University of Colorado Scale, Glasgow Composite Scale, and University of Guelph Pain Scale. The Grint sedation scale and Valverde sedation scale were used to evaluate sedation. Animals that scored over 5 on the Glasgow Composite Scale and/or greater than 4 on the VAS, received rescue analgesia. Five dogs from the MG and two dogs from the TG required rescue analgesia (p = 0,021). Statistical difference was observed in the VAS (T6h), Glasgow (T4h and T5h), Lascelles (T3h, T4h and T6h), Colorado (T4h and T6h), and Guelph (T3h, T4h, T5h and T6h) scales in the evaluation of analgesia, elucidating that tramadol had lower scores compared with morphine. It was concluded that tramadol promoted satisfactory analgesia in managing postoperative pain and had less severe adverse effects. Keywords: Analgesia. Acute Pain. Analgesic. Opioids. ResumoA dor pós-operatória pode causar uma série de alterações fisiopatológicas que podem ser deletérias para os animais. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos analgésicos e sedativos da morfina versus tramadol em administrações intravenosas únicas no final da cirurgia de cadelas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia. Vinte cadelas hígidas foram divididos em grupos: MG recebeu 0,5 mg/kg de morfina e TG recebeu 4 mg/kg de tramadol, ambos administrados por via intravenosa ao final da cirurgia. A analgesia e a sedação foram avaliadas de hora em hora durante 6 horas após o término da cirurgia. As seguintes escalas foram utilizadas para a avaliação da analgesia: Escala Analógica Visual de Lascelles (EAV), Escala de Dor de Melbourne, Escala da Universidade do Colorado, Escala Composta de Glasgow e Escala de Dor da Universidade de Guelph. Para avaliar a sedação, foram utilizadas a escala de sedação de Grint e a escala de sedação de Valverde. Os animais que atingiram pontos maiores que 5 na Escala Composta de Glasgow e/ou maiores que 4 na EAV, receberam analgesia de resgate. Cinco cães do GM e dois cães do GT necessitaram de analgesia de resgate (p = 0,021). Foi observada diferença estatística nas escalas EVA (T6h), Glasgow (T4h e T5h), Lascelles (T3h, T4h e T6h), Colorado (T4h e T6h) e Guelph (T3h, T4h, T5h e T6h) na avaliação de analgesia, elucidando que o tramadol teve escores menores em comparação com a morfina. Concluiu-se que o tramadol promoveu analgesia satisfatória no manejo da dor pós-operatória e resultou em efeitos adversos menos graves. Palavras-chave: Analgesia. Dor aguda. Analgésico. Opióides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".