Brief communication: Identification of tundra topsoil frozen/thawed state from SMAP and GCOM-W1 radiometer measurements using the spectral gradient method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. From 2015 to 2020, using the spectral gradient radiometric method, the possibility of the frozen/thawed (FT) state identification of tundra soil was investigated based on Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and Global Change Observation Mission – Water Satellite 1 (GCOM-W1) satellite observations of 10 test sites located in the Arctic regions of Canada, Finland, Russia, and the USA. It is shown that the spectral gradients of brightness temperature and reflectivity (measured in the frequency range from 1.4 to 36.5 GHz with horizontal polarization, a determination coefficient from 0.775 to 0.834, a root-mean-square error from 6.6 to 10.7 d and a bias from −3.4 to +6.5 d) make it possible to identify the FT state of the tundra topsoil. The spectral gradient method has a higher accuracy with respect to the identification of the FT state of tundra soils than single-frequency methods based on the calculation of polarization index.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".