Heat and fluid flow of a circular cylinder placed close to a turbulence-generating grid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The heat and fluid flow of a circular cylinder placed in the wake of a turbulence-generating grid are studied using large eddy simulations at a Reynolds number of 3900 and a Prandtl number of 0.7. The investigation focused on the wake of the cylinder and compared the results to a uniform inflow case to assess the impact of the highly anisotropic-nonhomogeneous grid-generated turbulence on the cylinder heat and fluid flow. Phase-averaging and spectral proper orthogonal decomposition were applied to analyze the coherent heat and fluid flow fields. The following are the main findings of the cylinder experiencing turbulent inflow, relative to the uniform free-stream case: (i) a highly three-dimensional mean heat and fluid flow, (ii) a 40% shorter recirculation length, (iii) a wake dominated by shedding vortices having lower magnitudes of fluctuations than the uniform inflow case, (iv) delay in flow separation from 87° to 97°, (v) break of the correlation between the wake shedding flow and the flow field at the cylinder front face, (vi) 39% enhancement in the overall Nusselt number, (vii) 100% increase in the local Nusselt number at the rear stagnation point, (viii) higher local heat transfer rate that varies substantially along the span before flow separation, (ix) significantly higher lift force reflected in a 3.7× root mean square lift coefficient and a phase-averaged lift coefficient having a maximum amplitude that is 7×, and (x) an increase in the magnitudes of the advection and production terms of the coherent heat and fluid flow transport equations, especially around the forward and rear stagnation regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".