Sympatholysis: Do Women Do It Better?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sex differences in sympathetic neurovascular control have been reported. Indeed, our laboratory recently demonstrated that contraction-mediated inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction (sympatholysis) was enhanced in female compared to male rats. Whether sympatholysis is similarly enhanced in young women compared to young men has not been established. PURPOSE: To investigate the hypothesis that sympatholysis would be greater in young females compared to young males during moderate- and heavy-intensity exercise. METHODS: Young (22 ± 3 years), healthy adults (7 male, 8 female) performed a cold pressor test (CPT) at rest and during moderate- (30% of maximum work rate) and heavy- (60% of maximum work rate) intensity alternate-leg knee-extension exercise. Beat-by-beat blood pressure was measured via Finometer, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated. Leg blood flow (LBF) was measured using Doppler ultrasound, and femoral vascular conductance (FVC) was calculated as FVC = LBF/MAP. Sympathetic vasoconstrictor responsiveness was defined as the percent decrease in FVC (%FVC) in response to the CPT. Sympatholysis was defined as the difference between the %FVC response to the CPT at rest and during exercise. RESULTS: Sympathetic vasoconstrictor responsiveness was not different (p > 0.05) between males and females at rest (male: -38.7 ± 7.8%; female: -46.0 ± 10.4%), or during moderate- (male: -24.9 ± 3.5%; female: -19.3 ± 8.5%) or heavy- (male: -14.3 ± 4.0%; female: -9.9 ± 4.9%) intensity exercise. However, sympatholysis was greater in females than in males during both moderate (male: 13.7 ± 6.5; female: 26.7 ± 9.0, p = 0.006) and heavy- (male: 24.4 ± 7.5; female: 36.1 ± 8.0, p = 0.011) intensity exercise. CONCLUSION: Consistent with our previous finding in rats, sympatholysis was enhanced in young women compared to men. These data provide further evidence that biological sex modulates sympathetic vascular control in the skeletal muscle vascular bed. Supported by NSERC, Canada
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".