The Effects Of Prescribed Exercise On The Physical And Cognitive Health Of Adults With Down Syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Down syndrome (DS) is the result of the presence of either the whole or part of an additional duplication of chromosome-21. The countenance of this additional chromosome can be linked to chronotropic and respiratory incompetence, neuromuscular conditions, immunological suppression, impaired decision making, verbal reasoning, processing, and executive function. Recent works showed that American adults with DS that they engaged in just 10.1 ± 13.5 min of moderate intensity activity, coupled with 1.7 ± 9.8 min of vigorous activity. Indeed, they were shown to engage in 412.7 ± 216.6 min of sedentary time per day. Additionally, the burden to the health care sector associated with DS equates to an additional $78,500,000 per annum. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8-weeks of prescribed exercise and/or cognitive training on the physical and cognitive health of adults with DS. METHODS: Following ethics approval 84 participants (age 27.0 ± 8.0) from 5 countries volunteered and agreed to participate. Measures of physical fitness and cognitive function were obtained using a modified version of the 6-minute walk test, (completed twice) as well as a modified version of the talk test, while cognitive and executive function were assessed using the Corsi block test, Stroop task, and the Sustained-Attention-To-Response Task (SART) test. All tests were completed pre and post intervention. Based upon distance completed across the 6-minute walk test, participants were assigned to 8-weeks of either 3 x 30 min of walking (EXC), 6 x 20 min of cognitive training (COG), combined group of EXC and COG (COM) or no intervention (CON). Data expressed as mean ± SD. RESULTS: Reputed measures ANOVA showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in 6-min walk distance for both EXC (55.6 ± 66.4 m) and COM (51.7 ± 65.0 m). Number of correct responses in the SART showed significant (P = 0.000) increases for EXC (9.1 ± 5.0), COG (P = 0.000) (8.5 ± 7.5) and COM (P = 0.03) (10.0 ± 23.3). STROOP non-compatible correct responses increased by 6.1% (P = 0.02) for EXC and 35.3% (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that prescribed exercise can have a profound effect on both the physical and cognitive health of adults with Down syndrome. The changes in cognitive function show evidence for enhanced decision making and critical thinking.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".