Oculomotor Deficits Caused By Sport-related Concussion May Return To Normal Values Upon Recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sports-related concussion (SRC) can alter oculomotor ability in all ages, which can manifest as abnormal eye movements. In sports, these eye movements are an integral part of daily activities. While these impairments may be present in the acute phase of the head injury, there is limited research regarding how these impairments progress throughout the recovery of the injury. PURPOSE: Investigate how oculomotor impairment progresses through the timeline of SRC, from acute to symptom-free stage using university student-athletes diagnosed with SRC. METHODS: 12 Division I NCAA athletes (female = 4, male = 9, average age = 20 years) with SRC (AC) performed the typical concussion battery within 48 hours of injury and after being fully symptom-free (SF) for 24 hours. This included performing a dynamic visual acuity task (DVA). During this task, the student-athletes tracked a Landolt C as it traveled across the screen from left to right, facing an orientation (up, right, left, down) and the athlete would answer what direction was presented using a standard keyboard. There were 120 trials, with 60 slow (30°/s) and 60 fast (90°/s) trials to elicit smooth pursuits (SPEM) and saccades, respectively. Each athlete was fitted with a binocular eye tracker (500 Hz; SR Research, Ottawa, CN) to collect eye movement data. RESULTS: There was no significant change between AC and SF in saccadic velocity (AC = 415.07 ± 35, SF = 416.1 ± 32.5, p = 0.963, Cohen’s d = -0.03). A significant decline in horizontal SPEM gain occurred from acute to SF (AC = 0.88 ± 0.03, SF = 0.86 ± 0.03, p = 0.028, Cohen’s d = 0.806). In addition, there were significantly more total saccades present in the smooth pursuits trials at the acute time point than the SF (AC = 162 ± 31, SF = 124 ± 27, K(1) = 4.645, p = 0.031) and significantly more average saccades in each SPEM trial (AC = 2.6 ± 0.6, SF = 2.1 ± 0.13, K(1) = 3.64, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Prior research indicated healthy controls have significantly lower horizontal gain values when compared to acute head injury. These results suggest that throughout the course of recovery, horizontal gain values decrease to healthy values. This can be supported by the overall decrease in the total amount of saccades and average saccades per SPEM trial. Future research should whether these oculomotor abnormalities may relate to provoked symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".