A Framework for Detecting AI-Generated Text in Research Publications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of generative artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly prevalent in creating content in various formats such as text, video, and image. However, there is a need to distinguish between content that has been generated by humans and content that has been generated by AI as misuse of these technologies can raise scientific and social challenges. Moreover, there are concerns about the reliability and comprehensiveness of the content generated by AI without human validation. This paper presents a framework for AI-generated text. The prototype implementation of the proposed approach is to train a model using predefined datasets and deploy this model on a cloud-based service to predict whether a text was created by a human or AI. This approach is specifically focused on assessing the accuracy of scientific writings and research papers rather than general text. The proposed framework is compared with recently developed tools such as OpenAI Text Classifier, ZeroGPT, and Turnitin. The results show that training a text classifier can be highly useful in detecting whether a text is written by a human or AI. The source code and dataset are made open source so others can experiment with the prototype implementation and use it for future research.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".