Coaxial load development along grouted plain strand cable bolts determined by distributed fibre optic strain sensing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper is focused on the mobilisation of coaxial load and displacement along grouted plain strand cable bolts during laboratory coaxial pull testing. In comparison to the existing body of work on cable bolts, this research has investigated grouted cable lengths in excess of a metre. As a result, the load distributed along the cable bolts was not uniform during loading and required many discrete sensing locations to be measured. To this end, a high spatial resolution distributed fibre optic strain sensing technology was used to measure a nearly continuous coaxial load distribution along each cable bolt that was tested. Load development length was measured to increase from the loaded end to the free end of the cable with increased coaxial load. The measured load distributions indicated that the predominate anchoring force of cable bolts was the result of frictional resistance at the cable–grout interface and not dilational slip and shearing of grout flutes. Furthermore, this determined that a grouted length in excess of 2.5 m would be required to fail a typical 15.24 mm diameter cable with an unconstrained end (typical loading condition of tie-backs and toe-grouted cables bolts).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".