Coping strategies and their correlation with depression, anxiety, and stress among HIV-positive patients referred to voluntary counseling and testing center, Tehran, Iran, 2019
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the major global health problems and stressful experience for individuals; therefore, different strategies are engaged to cope with the disease and associated problems.Each of these strategies may have different outcomes, including increased depression, anxiety, stress, and decreased social functioning, achieve full mental health, and social well-being.The aim of this study was to evaluate the coping strategies in HIV-positive patients, determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in these patients as well as to investigate the relationship between coping strategies with the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress. Material and methods:In this study, 100 HIV-positive patients who were referred to voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) center from January to September 2019 were recruited by convenience sampling method to complete two validated questionnaires: ways of coping strategies (WOC) and depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS).Results: The findings showed that the mean score of emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies were 44.90 and 44.51, respectively.There was a significant relationship between problem-focused strategies and participants' gender and both strategies with age of patients.The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 68%, 76%, and 73%, respectively.The prevalence of all three psychological conditions were correlated with gender.In addition, depression and anxiety were significantly correlated with the last educational level.Results also showed that using emotion-focused coping strategies was associated with depression, anxiety, and stress.Conclusions: Considering the study results, it seems necessary to conduct regular screening programs, appropriate psychological interventions, and social support for this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".