Microcystin-LR Removal by Ozone (O <sub>3</sub> ) and Vacuum-UV (VUV): The Effect of Chloride Ions
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Removal of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by ozone (O3), vacuum-UV (VUV), and their combination was investigated in the presence of chloride as one of the main solutes present in water. In general, the combined VUV/O3 process provided the greatest MC-LR removal, with the presence of chloride enhancing the removal efficacy. Formation of chlorine radical species was the primary reason for the observed improvement. The order of MC-LR removal by different processes using UV fluence of around 300 mJ cm−2, ozone dose of 0.1 mg L−1, and chloride concentration of 120 mg L−1 was as follows: VUV/O3/Chloride > VUV/O3 > VUV/Chloride > VUV > O3. Comparing MC-LR removal by O3, VUV and VUV/O3 in synthetic lab samples, spiked with Suwannee River NOM and natural water samples of the same organic concentration, showed the significance of background organics in scavenging ozone in the process. For a given ozone dosage, MC-LR removal by O3 or VUV/O3 in natural water was lower than that in the synthetic water samples. The standalone VUV was not affected and the MC-LR removals were identical in both synthetic and natural waters.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it