Modeling of transport phenomena in a hybrid forward osmosis-directional freeze crystallization process for clean water recovery from hydrometallurgical effluents
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Sustainable water recovery and reuse are critical yet challenging, especially from industrial effluents in cold regions. This work presents a robust numerical model of the transport phenomena in a hybrid two-step forward osmosis (FO)-directional freeze crystallization (DFC) desalination process, whose application in areas with cold climates is advantageous. Deionized (DI) water and a hydrometallurgical effluent were considered as the feed solution in the FO step, while three aqueous solutions of inorganic salts were considered as the draw solutions (DS): NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2. The effects of temperature and initial DS concentration were investigated on water flux, reverse solute flux, and specific water flux using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Based on the simulation results, the highest water flux (18 L/m2/h for DI water and 5 L/m2/h for the hydrometallurgical effluent) and lowest reverse solute flux (consistently below 0.3 mol/m2/h) were obtained when MgCl2 was used as the DS. The effect of solute type in the DS on both water recovery yield and purity was in turn studied in the subsequent DFC step, allowing to visualize the solute distribution during the freezing process.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it