Sex-dependent integration of ornamentation, personality, morphology, and life history
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Phenotypic integration can be defined as the patterns and strength of the covariances between traits in an organism. The pace of life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis provides a testable case of phenotypic integration as it predicts that traits that mediate the trade-off between current and future reproduction should have coevolved with the slow-fast life-history continuum and may thus covary across individuals of a population. Although the POLS hypothesis has received increasing attention over the last decade, there is a need for investigating whether POLS are sex-specific and whether ornamental traits can be included within the POLS framework. We used 9 years of data to describe the integration patterns of ornamental coloration, personality, morphology, and life history in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) and whether they differed between males and females. With that aim, we fitted multivariate mixed models separating the among- from the within-individual covariances. We found that the overall integration between the studied traits was weak, but our results suggested some sex-specific covariances at the among- and within-individual levels. Finally, using structural equation models (SEM), we tested for the presence of trait modules (i.e., covariances between traits involved in the same biological function) within each sex. SEMs suggested the presence of a morphological module but no modules for coloration or behavioral traits. Also, results obtained from the SEM did not support the POLS hypothesis. Overall, this work highlights the importance of considering sex when studying phenotypic integration and the relevance of SEM to test POLS hypothesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".