Sustaining Retirement during Lockdown: Annuitized Income and Older American’s Financial Well-Being before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The landscape of employer-sponsored retirement plans in the U.S. has changed dramatically during the past few decades as more and more private-sector employers have decided to freeze or terminate traditional pension plans. Defined contribution (DC) plans became the primary choice or the only choice for employees to participate in employer-sponsored retirement plans. In the next ten to twenty years, the income from pension plans will only count for a third of the total retirement income for GenXers when compared to their baby boomer counterparts. It is important for research to provide evidence on how the change in retirement income resources impacts retirees’ retirement security and financial wellness. Using Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study examines the association between annuitized income and various measures of older Americans’ financial well-being over time, particularly during the pandemic. This study finds that receiving annuitized income has a statistically significant relationship with reduced subjective financial well-being for both measurements, while only one of the measures of objective well-being, having liquid assets greater than the median household income, has a statistically significant positive relationship with receiving annuitized income.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".