The Prevalence of Human Cytomegalovirus Viremia among HIV-1 Infected Individuals Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
HIV infection is an emerging health issue in Libya, particularly among young adults. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prevalent infectious agent that presents with subclinical and fatal diseases in immunosuppressed individuals including HIV-infected individuals. Although the impact of HCMV infection in HIV-positive patients is well documented in several regions, epidemiologic estimates concerning HCMV co-infection among HIV-infected individuals remain limited in Libya. Hence, this cross-sectional study was undertaken to derive data regarding the prevalence of active HCMV viremia among HIV-infected individuals undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) from Libya. A total of 90 consented HIV-infected subjects followed by the National Center for Disease Control (NCDC) of Benghazi/Libya were recruited in this study and investigated for HCMV-IgG, HCMV-IgM specific antibodies, detection of HCMV lower matrix phosphoprotein (pp65) antigen, and detection of HCMV-DNA using qPCR to assess the prevalence of HCMV viremia. We determined that 77 (85.56%) of subjects were seropositive for HCMV-IgG antibodies, whereas the seropositivity for HCMV-IgM was 3.33% (3/90 subjects). Our results also revealed that 4.44% (4/90) of participants had viral antigenemia based on the laboratory diagnosis of HCMV-pp65. Regarding the PCR, we were able to detect the DNA of HCMV only in 3/90 subjects (3.33%) suggesting an active viremic condition. The detection of HCMV DNA along with the HCMV-pp65 in HIV-positive individuals highlights the necessity of early diagnosis to manage the progression of the disease. Furthermore, we highly recommend the use of anti-HCMV therapy in viremic individuals in combination with ART to reduce the burden of HCMV complications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".