Proximate composition, mineral content, peroxides and rancidity in open sun and solar-tent dried small sardine fish in Malawi
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined protein and fat content, mineral composition and peroxides of fresh and dried small sardines (Engraulicypris sardella), locally known as usipa in Malawi. This species of fish is endemic to Africa, neglected and consumed largely by low-income families. Samples were collected immediately after harvesting, drying, transportation and marketing for three days. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), peroxide and thiobarbituric acid methods were used to analyse them. Results show that E. sardella is a good source of protein among foods that are cheaply available to these families, with values ranging from 43.22±1.85 to 44.16±1.21 in open sun and 43.22±1.85 to 44.92±0.34 for solar tent dried samples. Mineral analysis has shown that the fish, in both fresh and dried forms, is also a good source of zinc, calcium and iron with contents that can help meet recommended daily allowances for both children and adults. Fat decreased from 33.73 ±3.82 in fresh to 25.26±0.59 in open sun-dried samples and 28.02±0.66 in samples from the solar tent dryers due to lipid oxidation and drippings during drying. Peroxides and thiobarbituric acids, by-products of lipid oxidation, conversely increased with drying time, although the levels were not significant to cause rancidity and spoilage. The context of these findings and their implications are discussed in the study’s conclusion and recommendations. Key words: E. sardella, drying, fish, lipid oxidation, rancidity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".