Distribution and Abundance of Intertidal Sponge (Porifera) Communities in Coral Reefs of Singapore
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Given the important functional roles of sponges in the coral reef community, few studies have looked at sponge community assemblages in Singapore. This study was conducted to assess the sponge diversity, species richness, and species abundance of intertidal sponge communities in Singapore’s coral reefs, including Pulau Hantu, P. Subar Laut, Tanjong Rimau, and Labrador Park. Belt transects measuring 10 m by 1 m were established to survey the sponge communities at these reef sites. Based on sponge morphology, a total of 28 morphospecies were identified, belonging to eight different sponge orders, namely Chondrillida, Clionaida, Dictyoceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Suberitida, Tetractinellida, and Verongiida. Univariate statistical analyses revealed that sponge diversity, species richness, and abundance at P. Hantu site 2 were significantly higher than that in Labrador Park. In addition, multivariate statistical analyses showed that in terms of community structure, there were three distinct clusters found at P. Hantu site 2, Labrador Park, and P. Subar Laut. The formation of these distinct clusters was sponge species specific and shaped by environmental factors and anthropogenic stresses. Preliminary sponge data presented in this study contribute to the regional biogeography of sponges and could serve as baseline data for future studies, including ecological research and biomonitoring of marine invertebrates, and support marine conservation efforts in Singapore.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".