“I am a proud Anishinaabekwe”: Issues of Identity and Status in Northern Ontario after Bill C-31
Bibliographic record
Abstract
the north was always part of me…it shaped who i am, " said Alice Desjarlais during her 2006 interview in North Bay, Ontario.As a young woman in the 1960s, Desjarlais wanted to leave the North behind, to escape her family and everything associated with it. 2 Born in 1949 on a trapline in northwestern Quebec, Desjarlais was the youngest in a family of six children.She remembered little happiness in her childhood.Her mother carried a deep and intractable hatred of 'white' people, having lost four of her sons to the residential school system.First it was their physical absence, then their emotional distance when they returned, filled with distaste for their culture and their parents' way of life. 3 One of them sexually abused Desjarlais, who recalled that "a negative spirit" entered her from this violence, one that took her years to face and extricate.Desjarlais' parents tried to keep her out of the school system, withdrawing her whenever possible to educate her in the bush.Despite these efforts, at sixteen Desjarlais was sent to North Bay to attend high school.This did not last long; as soon as she had a chance, she quit and fled to Toronto."I hated my own culture.I wanted to hide that part of me…I wanted to be a white person, " explained Desjarlais, adding with infectious laughter, that she hoped to "pass as an Italian." For Desjarlais, this self-hatred initiated a twenty-year cycle of addiction and abuse that only ended when she decided to come home to northern Ontario and allow the elders to help her understand her parents and respect her culture."I realized that I 38 to 81, and have spent most or all of their lives in northern Ontario. 7 All of them identify as Aboriginal women, though three of them do not have official status.They are women of varied backgrounds and ways of life: Anishinaabe, Cree, and Métis, middle and working class, traditionally and formally educated, lesbian and heterosexual, Roman Catholic, atheist, and observing the traditions of Native spirituality.Together their stories, along with issues explored in this volume by Victoria Freeman, Rob Innes, and Angela Wanhalla, expose issues central to our understanding of the history of Aboriginal women in twentiethcentury Canada.The colonial agendas of Canada's past, particularly the desire to assimilate or destroy First Peoples, continues to create violence, alienation, and sadness in women's lives.Challenging these legacies has taken many forms.Through political organizations at the international, national, provincial, and band level, women have raised awareness and fought for change.By demanding that the Canadian government fulfill status entitlements, women have secured better economic futures for themselves and their children.Through cultural reclamation, connections to land and community, and the guidance of elders, women have healed wounds and forged different paths.Most specifically, these women's stories reveal how landmark decisions like Bill C-31 influenced the lives of Aboriginal women by reminding us-with anger, sadness, and tremendous humour-that a sense of belonging rooted in positive individual and cultural identity and the fulfillment
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.058 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".