Time trends towards earlier puberty in boys and girls with type 1 diabetes: Insights from the German Diabetes Prospective Follow‐up (DPV) registry, 2000 to 2021
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: To examine the time trends and factors associated with the onset of puberty in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using data from the German Diabetes Prospective Follow-up (Diabetes-Patienten-Verlaufsdokumentation [DPV]) registry. METHODS: A total of 13 127 children with T1D, aged 6 to 18 years, were included in the analysis. Regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between diabetes duration, body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level, migration background, and the onset of puberty, stratified by sex. RESULTS: Our findings revealed a significant trend towards earlier puberty in both girls and boys with T1D over the observed period (2000 to 2021). Puberty onset in girls (thelarche Tanner stage B2) decreased from 11.48 (11.35-11.65) years in 2000 to 10.93 (10.79-11.08) years in 2021 and gonadarche (Tanner stage G2/testicular volume >3 mL) decreased from 12.62 (12.42-12.82) years in 2000 to 11.98 (11.79-12.16) years in 2021 in boys (both P < 0.001). Longer diabetes duration, higher BMI SDS, and lower HbA1c level were associated with earlier puberty in both sexes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights earlier puberty in children with T1D, influenced by BMI SDS, HbA1c level, and migration background. This has important implications for diabetes management and supporting healthy development. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop potential interventions for this vulnerable population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".