Estimating ice forces on a bridge pier using field observations and a deformation model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This technical note qualitatively and quantitatively describes the ice run that took place in Sokna river, Trøndelag, Norway on 23 January 2020. Metrological and hydrological data are described. Stranded ice floe size distribution data are presented and analysed. It is shown that the maximal ice floe dimension is well described by generalized exponential (shape parameter = 2.77, scale parameter = 1.42) or log-logistic distributions (alpha = 3.57, lambda = 1.15). A custom-built steel load panel had been mounted on Sokna bridge preceding the ice run; however, due to technical difficulties no forces were recorded. Hindcast calculations using Solidworks based on the permanent deflections experienced by this load panel have been carried out to estimate ice forces experienced by Sokna bridge. These hindcast calculations conclude that the real peak ice force experienced by the 0.8 m diameter cylindrical bridge piers must have been within the range 1.1 to 5.5 MN. This range is compared to predictions made by standards for predicting ice forces on bridge piers. This comparison reveals that the Norwegian standard, the lower bound of the SNiP standard, and the upper bound of the CSA S6:19 standard are consistent with this range, while the Swedish and Finnish standards predict too low forces.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".