Influence of relative compaction and degree of saturation on the deformation characteristics of bentonite under freeze-thaw cycles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bentonite, consisting of clay minerals of the montmorillonite group, has been widely used as an adsorbent and backfill material in nuclear waste disposal and groundwater remediation. It is challenging to use bentonite as a filling material in cold regions since bentonite is highly sensitive to thermal environmental changes, during which its bulk volume and microstructure change significantly. In this study, a series of one-dimensional and three-dimensional freeze-thaw tests were carried out within a closed system to investigate the influencing factors of the deformation of bentonite under freeze-thaw cycles. Results show that the initial soil water content greatly impacts bentonite’s deformation during freeze-thaw cycles. For an initial higher degree of saturation (Sr), the expansion caused by the formation of ice lenses has a greater impact than the shrinkage induced by dehydration, ice-cementation, and so on. Conversely, bentonite tends to shrink at a lower degree of saturation during freezing. And the critical degree of saturation that determines bentonite’s behavior of frost heave or frost shrinkage seems to be roughly 0.8. As the number of freeze-thaw cycles rises, initially uncompacted bentonite clay becomes more compacted, and initially compacted bentonite clay remains unchanged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".