Multiplexed-Stack Converter With DC-Fault Ride-Through Capability and High Compactness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a new multiplexed-stack converter (MSC) for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power conversion. The MSC reduces the number of stacks of submodules (SMs) needed for three-phase alternating-current (AC) systems from six, as in conventional modular multilevel converters (MMCs), to four, which can substantially decrease the size of converter stations. The MSC comprises two full-bridge SM (FBSM)-based Outer stacks, two half-bridge SM (HBSM)-based Inner SM stacks, and director-switch (DS) valves to generate sinusoidal three-phase AC voltages. The MSC offers several benefits over existing converters: it can handle and block DC faults due to its FBSM-based Outer stacks, it can attain high efficiency due to its HBSM-based Inner stacks, and it can ease valve design due to fundamental-frequency and zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) operation of its DSs. A sweet-spot operating voltage is derived where the Outer and Inner stack energies are naturally balanced without the need of DC pole capacitors (PCs). For deviations from the sweet-spot voltage, DC-side PCs enable energy balancing for the stacks. This article presents HVDC-scale simulations and reduced-scale hardware experiments that confirm the MSC’s performance in real and reactive power conversion. This article also contrasts the MSC with other state-of-the-art converters, indicating its competitive efficiency and compactness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".