Monoaminergic Degeneration and Ocular Motor Abnormalities in De Novo Parkinson's Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Evaluating eye movements in Parkinson's disease (PD) provides valuable insights into the underlying pathophysiological changes. Objective The aim was to investigate the relationship between monoaminergic degeneration and ocular motor abnormalities in de novo PD. Methods Drug‐naive PD patients who underwent N‐(3‐[18F]fluoropropyl)‐2‐carbomethoxy‐3‐(4‐iodophenyl) nortropane positron emission tomography scans and video‐oculography at diagnosis were eligible. Measurements of saccadic accuracy, latency, and smooth pursuit gain and square wave jerk frequency were collected. Patients underwent Movement Disorders Society–Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS) and detailed cognitive tests. We investigated the associations between ocular motor measurements and specific tracer uptake ratios (SUR) in the caudate nucleus, anterior and posterior putamen, thalamus, and dorsal raphe nuclei, along with motor and cognitive symptoms. Results One‐hundred twenty‐four subjects were included in this study. Saccadic accuracy was positively associated with parkinsonian motor severity expressed as Hoehn and Yahr stages, MDS‐UPDRS Part III scores, and subscores for bradykinesia and rigidity but not with tremor scores (PFDR < 0.05). Saccadic accuracy correlated with poor performances in the Rey‐Complex‐Figure copy, and latency with the Digit Symbol Coding and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (PFDR < 0.05). Prolonged saccadic latency correlated with reduced thalamic SUR, whereas decreased saccadic accuracy correlated with reduced SUR in the anterior and posterior putamen (PFDR < 0.05). Reduced smooth pursuit gain showed associations with reduced SUR in the dorsal raphe, a serotonin‐predominant region, but did not correlate with parkinsonism severity scores. Conclusion Defective dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neural systems may discretely influence ocular motor function in de novo PD patients. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".