Experimental and Analytical Behavior of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Box Girders under Pure Torsion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Concrete box girders are significant structural elements in various engineering applications due to higher torsional stiffness and low self-weight. The use of glass fiber–reinforced polymers (GFRPs) as internal bars has been adopted for many structural applications. So far, the torsional behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) box girders reinforced with GFRP bars has not been addressed. Therefore, this paper presents experimental data on the torsional behavior of RC box girders reinforced with GFRP bars and stirrups. Six box girders measuring 4,000 mm in length, 380 mm in height, and 380 mm in width, with a wall thickness of 100 mm, were tested under pure torsional moment over a clear span of 2,000 mm. The test parameters included the type and amount of torsional reinforcement. The test specimens comprised four box girders entirely reinforced with GFRP reinforcement, one box girder with only longitudinal GFRP bars, and one box girder reinforced with steel reinforcement as a reference specimen. The test results indicate that the torsional strength of the steel and GFRP box girders was significantly affected by stirrup capacity; stirrup stiffness did not affect the torsional strength. Increasing the web’s GFRP reinforcement ratio increased the torsional strength and stiffness. An analytical iterative softened membrane model for torsion (SMMT) was modified to predict the entire torsional behavior of the GFRP-reinforced concrete box girders. The model was validated by comparing the analytical results to the experimental results of the four GFRP-reinforced concrete box girders. The comparison indicates that the model was able to predict the cracking and ultimate torsional strength and the corresponding twist with reasonable agreement. In addition, a noniterative Rahal model was modified to predict the ultimate torsional strength of FRP-reinforced concrete members. At last, the experimental ultimate torsional strength was assessed with the corresponding value calculated according to available fiber-reinforced polymer design codes and guides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".