Parmalean and other siliceous nannofossils from the Oligocene Polish Flysch Carpathians
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Well-preserved fossil assemblages provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of biota and their environments. Here, we report on Rupelian (early Oligocene) siliceous nanoeukaryotes from diatomites in the Carpathian Mountains, southeastern Poland. These sediments yielded novel forms of parmaleans and parmalean-like fossils. Their cell wall structure differs from that of described genera. Instead of the generically specific separate dorsal plate and set of girdle plates, some of our taxa contain one upended, hollow, subspherical, perforated cup. To accommodate these differences, we propose a new division Parmaphyta, a new family Parmoligocenaceae, a new genus Parmoligocena and a new species Parmoligocena janusii. Other remains are reminiscent of the extant genus Pentalamina and for this we propose a new genus and species, Pentalaminamorpha radiata. The taxonomic affinity is less certain for other nannofossils found, as they are only somewhat similar to parmaleans, and so we only tentatively associate them with this group. All these fossils occur together with a diverse assemblage of diatoms (mostly from Leptocylindrales, Rhizosoleniales, Coscinodiscales, Cymatosirales, and Hemiaulales), silicoflagellates (mostly species from the genus Corbisema) and archaeomonads. Together they suggest the palaeoenvironmental context for the parmaleans, a neritic marine environment, thus similar to where silicified parmaleans can be found today.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".