Noninvasive Evaluation of Breast Tumor Response to Combined Ultrasound‐Stimulated Microbubbles and Hyperthermia Therapy Using Quantitative Ultrasound‐Based Texture Analysis Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that can be used for assessing response to anticancer treatment. In the present study, tumor cell death response to the ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles (USMB) and hyperthermia (HT) treatment was monitored in vivo using QUS. METHODS: Human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231) were grown in mice and were treated with HT (10, 30, 50, and 60 minutes) alone, or in combination with USMB. Treatment effects were examined using QUS with a center frequency of 25 MHz (bandwidth range: 16 to 32 MHz). Backscattered radiofrequency (RF) data were acquired from tumors subjected to treatment. Ultrasound parameters such as average acoustic concentration (AAC) and average scatterer diameter (ASD), were estimated 24 hours prior and posttreatment. Additionally, texture features: contrast (CON), correlation (COR), energy (ENE), and homogeneity (HOM) were extracted from QUS parametric maps. All estimated parameters were compared with histopathological findings. RESULTS: The findings of our study demonstrated a significant increase in QUS parameters in both treatment conditions: HT alone (starting from 30 minutes of heat exposure) and combined treatment of HT plus USMB finally reaching a maximum at 50 minutes of heat exposure. Increase in AAC for 50 minutes HT alone and USMB +50 minutes was found to be 5.19 ± 0.417% and 5.91 ± 1.11%, respectively, compared to the control group with AAC value of 1.00 ± 0.44%. Furthermore, between the treatment groups, ΔASD-ENE values for USMB +30 minutes HT significantly reduced, depicting 0.00062 ± 0.00096% compared to 30 minutes HT only group, showing 0.0058 ± 0.0013%. Further, results obtained from the histological analysis indicated greater cell death and reduced nucleus size in both HT alone and HT combined with USMB. CONCLUSION: The texture-based QUS parameters indicated a correlation with microstructural changes obtained from histological data. This work demonstrated the use of QUS to detect HT treatment effects in breast cancer tumors in vivo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".