Using long-range transmissions in the Beaufort Gyre to test the sound-speed equation at high pressure and low temperature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An ocean acoustic tomography array with a radius of 150 km was deployed in the central Beaufort Gyre during 2016-2017 for the Canada Basin Acoustic Propagation Experiment. Five 250-Hz transceivers were deployed in a pentagon, with a sixth transceiver at the center. A long vertical receiving array was located northwest of the central mooring. Travel-time anomalies for refracted-surface-reflected acoustic ray paths were calculated relative to travel times computed for a range-dependent sound-speed field from in situ temperature and salinity observations. Travel-time inversions for the three-dimensional sound-speed field consistent with the uncertainties in travel time [∼2 ms root mean square (rms)], receiver and source positions (∼ 3 m rms), and sound speed calculated from conductivity-temperature-depth casts could not be obtained without introducing a deep sound-speed bias (below 1000 m). Because of the precise nature of the travel-time observations with low mesoscale and internal wave variability, the conclusion is that the internationally accepted sound-speed equation (TEOS-10) gives values at high pressure (greater than 1000 m) and low temperature (less than 0 °C) that are too high by 0.14-0.16 m s-1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".