Bibliographic record
Abstract
The origin of the Mughal Empire dates back to 1526 when the Timurid ruler of Central Asia, Babur, invaded North India in the final years of the Delhi Sultanate, which ruled over North India between 1206 and 1526. Babur ruled from 1526 to 1530 and was succeeded by his son, Humayun. Humayun ruled over North India between 1530 and 1538, when he was overthrown by the Afghan ruler Sher Shah (r. 1538–1545). Afghan rule over North India remained until 1555, at which point Humayun managed to regain control of North India, only to then die the following year. The territories over which Humayun ruled fell to the hands of his son, Akbar (r. 1556–1605) who left his successors a sprawling empire that stretched across most of the subcontinent. Akbar was succeeded by his son Jahangir (r. 1605–1627), who, in turn, was succeeded by Shahjahan (r. 1627–1658), the great Mughal patron of the arts who commissioned the Taj Mahal. The failed efforts of Shahjahan’s son and successor, Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707) to expand the Mughal Empire triggered the decline of the empire, and by 1759 the Mughals were forced to accept British suzerainty. When, in 1857, Bahadur Shah II (r. 1837–1857) was deposed by the British and exiled to Burma, the Mughal Empire ceased to exist. The impact of the Mughal Empire can still be felt in India today through the manner in which Mughal history has been deployed by individuals to champion either a vision of a liberal, secular India or a vision of India based upon the religious and cultural values of the country’s Hindu majority. India’s Hindu nationalist government, which came to power in 2014, has endeavored to strip Muslims of their rights as citizens and to downplay if not completely erase the role of Mughals in Indian history by promoting a narrative that emphasizes the Mughals—and by extension all Muslims—as violent, intolerant outsiders. This has generated much public debate about India’s future as a nation, and it has also sparked a renewed interest in the religious history of the Mughals. This bibliography is meant to introduce the reader to the study of Mughal religious history and the more specific topic of Hindu-Mughal relations through a survey of relevant primary sources from the Mughal period and secondary sources written from the colonial period onward. The primary sources listed below are restricted to English translations, while the remaining sources represent a wide variety of perspectives written by professional and nonprofessional historians for scholarly and popular audiences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".