Inhaled beta<sub>2</sub>‐agonist, formoterol, enhances intense exercise performance, and sprint ability in elite cyclists
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Purpose Many athletes use long‐acting beta 2 ‐agonist formoterol in treatment of asthma. However, studies in non‐athlete cohorts demonstrate that inhaled formoterol can enhance sprint performance calling into question whether its use in competitive sports should be restricted. We investigated whether formoterol at upper recommended inhaled doses (54 μg) would enhance sprint ability and intense exercise performance in elite cyclists. Methods Twenty‐one male cyclists (V̇O 2max : 70.4 ± 4.3 mL × min −1 × kg −1 , mean ± SD) completed two 6‐s all‐out sprints followed by 4‐min all‐out cycling after inhaling either 54 μg formoterol or placebo. We also assessed cyclists' leg muscle mass by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and muscle fiber type distribution of vastus lateralis biopsies. Results Peak and mean power output during the 6‐s sprint was 32 W (95% CI, 19–44 W, p < 0.001) and 36 W (95% CI, 24–48 W, p < 0.001) higher with formoterol than placebo, corresponding to an enhancing effect of around 3%. Power output during 4‐min all‐out cycling was 9 W (95% CI, 2–16 W, p = 0.01) greater with formoterol than placebo, corresponding to an enhancing effect of 2.3%. Performance changes in response to formoterol were unrelated to cyclists' VO 2max and leg lean mass, whereas muscle fiber Type I distribution correlated with change in sprinting peak power in response to formoterol ( r 2 = 0.314, p = 0.012). Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that an inhaled one‐off dose of 54 μg formoterol has a performance‐enhancing potential on sprint ability and short intense performance in elite male cyclists, which is irrespective of training status but partly related to muscle fiber type distribution for sprint ability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".