The rapid diversification of Boletales is linked to Early Eocene and Mid-Miocene Climatic Optima
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY Investigating the mechanisms that underpin the diversity and distribution patterns of species is fundamental in ecology and evolution. However, the study of fungi, particularly the ectomycorrhizal group, has been relatively constrained in this field. We conducted a high-resolution phylogenomic analysis of Boletales, an ecologically and economically significant group of fungi, covering 83 genera across 15 families. We subsequently investigated its evolutionary history using sequences at four genes obtained from 984 species across 121 genera within 15 families. The findings unveiled that Boletales likely originated in Early Jurassic and underwent two remarkable episodes of rapid diversification, commencing in early Eocene (∼54 Mya) and early Miocene (∼17 Mya) epochs. The notable surges were predominantly driven by ectomycorrhizal clades, with a specific emphasis on East Asia and North America. These expansions were strongly correlated with the warm-humid paleoclimates during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum and Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, as well as the rapid expansion of Fagales and Pinaceae hosts. This study provides novel insights into the spatiotemporal evolution of fungi, highlighting the synergistic impact of abiotic factors, such as warm and humid paleoclimates, and the biotic factor of rapid diversification of host plants on the fungal diversification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".