Temporal Trends of Enrollment by Sex and Race in Major Cardiovascular Randomized Clinical Trials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BackgroundWomen and racialized minorities continue to be underrepresented in cardiovascular trial outcomes data, despite comprising a significant global burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study evaluated the impact of trial characteristics on the temporal enrollment of women and racialized minorities in prominent cardiovascular trials published between 1986-2023.MethodsMEDLINE was searched for cardiovascular trials published in the Lancet, Journal of the American Medical Association, and the New England Journal of Medicine. Participant and investigator demographics, types of interventions, clinical indications, and funding sources were compared according to the enrollment of women or racialized minorities.ResultsFrom 799 studies, including 4,071,921 patients, the enrollment of women and racialized minorities significantly increased from 1986-2023 (both P = < 0.001). Although the enrollment of women varied by trial indication, comprising 25.0% of coronary artery disease (CAD), 35.2% of non-coronary/vascular, 13.8% of heart failure (HF), 17.0% of arrhythmia and 28.7% of other cardiovascular trials (P = < 0.001), it did not differ by peer-reviewed vs industry funding. First authors who were women were more likely to enroll significantly more women than first authors who were men (P = 0.01). Racialized enrollment increased significantly from 1986-2023 (P = < 0.001).ConclusionsActive efforts to increase diverse enrolment, along with improved reporting, including sex and race, in future cardiovascular trials may increase the generalizability of their findings and applicability to global populations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.031 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".