Clear Water Scour at Varied Pile-Cap Elevation and Skewed Bridge Piers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of pile-cap elevation and skew angles on the local scour brought on by clearwater flow around complex bridge piers was investigated experimentally.The complex Selebat and suspension bridge piers in the Al-Muthana and Al-Basra Governorates, respectively, were replicated using two river models scaled at a ratio of one to fifty.Three different pile-cap altitudes and four different pier skew angles (0, 30, 45, and 60) were varied in the experiment.The results show that the equilibrium depth of scour (ds) is greatly increased by even a little skew angle added to previously aligned piers.Due to its wide-pier characteristic, the column contribution to the scour depth becomes predominate when a pier is located asymmetrically in relation to the flow.Three forms of pier skewness were distinguished: aligned piers (=0°), slightly skewed piers (=30°), and severely skewed piers (45°).The influence of pile-cap and pile group on the scouring action decreased as the skewness increased.Furthermore, equilibrium scour holes often reveal pier components uniformly, independent of the undisturbed bed level, particularly strongly skewed piers with entirely buried pile-caps.This study provides insightful information on the roles of pile-cap height and skew angles in flow-induced scouring, which may help designers and maintenance professionals develop more efficient design and preventative measures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".