Optimization of a Broadband Lithium Niobate-Barium Titanate Hybrid Modulator With Low Half-Wave-Voltage-Length Product
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Electro-optic (EO) modulator is one of the most important devices for optical communication. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) platform has matured over the last few years and has resulted in some excellent EO modulators with very low voltages, low optical losses, and high bandwidth. In this paper, we proposed a novel EO modulator based on the LNOI platform where a cladding material of very high dielectric constant i.e., barium titanate (BTO) is used around an etched lithium niobate (LN) waveguide. Lumerical Mode and Device simulations have been used to optimize a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based EO modulator that shows a halfwave-voltage-length product as low as ∼1.36 V.cm maintaining the optical loss due to metal absorption of ∼1 dB/cm. The 3 dB EO bandwidth of ∼132 GHz has been estimated using the data generated by the microwave simulations carried out in CST Studio Suite
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it