Two-dimensional MHD modelling of switchbacks from jetlets in the slow solar wind
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solar wind switchbacks are polarity reversals of the magnetic field, recently frequently measured by Parker Solar Probe inside 0.2 AU. In this Letter we show that magnetic switchbacks, similar to those observed by PSP, are reproduced by injecting a time-limited collimated high-speed stream in the Parker spiral. We performed a 2D magnetohydrodynamics simulation with the PLUTO code of a slightly inclined jet at 1000 km s−1 between 5 and 60 R⊙. The jet rapidly develops a field inversion at its wings and, at the same time, it is bent by the Parker spiral. The match with the radial outward wind field creates two asymmetric switchbacks, one that bends to the anti-clockwise and one that bends to the clockwise direction in the ecliptic plane, with the last one being the most extended. The simulation shows that such S-shaped magnetic features travel with the jet and persist for several hours and to large distances from the Sun (beyond 20 R⊙). We show the evolution of physical quantities as they would be measured by a hypothetical detector at a fixed position when crossed by the switchback, for comparison with in situ measurements.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".