Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from ionizing radiation through ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves (Figure 9–1). Ionizing radiation comprises very short wavelength/high frequency electromagnetic waves and particles with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby creating ions. At the other extreme, transmission and use of electricity that cycles 50 or 60 times per second (i.e., 50 or 60 Hz) produces distinct electric and magnetic waves in the extremely long wavelength/low frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The known and potential health effects of electromagnetic radiation vary markedly by wavelength/frequency. Prenatal and early childhood high-level ionizing radiation exposure can cause severe neurotoxicity and delayed effects including cancer; such effects arise from the ability of ionizing radiation to damage DNA. Intense childhood sun exposure, especially among genetically susceptible subgroups (e.g., fair-skinned Caucasians), is a major cause of malignant melanoma of skin; although UV light is less energetic than ionizing radiation, it causes photochemical and oxidative DNA damage. There is some evidence (albeit inconsistent) of an association between childhood exposure to relatively high-level powerfrequency magnetic fields and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.294 | 0.208 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".