Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Fritz Houtermans’s career was the stuff of fiction. He was German by birth but grew up and studied in Vienna. He was a physicist with, according to his friend Otto Frisch [20], a profound understanding of quantum theory. He pursued his theoretical work in Viennese cafes, where his prodigious capacity for coffee became legendary. His growing reputation took him to Germany, to one of the great centres of theoretical physics in Gottingen. Houtermans was one-quarter Jewish, so that, although he was proud of his ancestry’—’when your ancestors were still living in the trees’, he would tell his Aryan colleagues, ‘mine were already forging cheques’—he was not under threat of racial persecution by the Nazis. He was, however, a committed Communist and for many years a party member, and this would have put his life in danger. He therefore decamped to England, where he worked at the EMI laboratories, and all but discovered the laser (the means, first achieved in 1960, of generating light of a single wavelength with a very high intensity). But life in England was not to his taste and he complained especially’ about the smell of boiled mutton. He moved again, this time to fulfil his old ambition of working in the Soviet Union. He found employment in the Physico-Technical Institute in Kharkov, which then housed a brilliant cluster of physicists, among them the great Lev Landau 1137].
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".