Mixing in Langmuir Monolayers: Perfluorotetradecanoic Acid and a Gemini Surfactant without a Linker
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A recently reported anionic gemini surfactant, a member of the so-called “gemini without a linker” family, has recently been reported to form closely packed crystalline monolayers at the air–water interface. In this work, the impact on monolayer properties of the compound, C 18 -0-C 18, that result from its mixing with a benchmark perfluorinated surfactant, perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PF), is explored. The films exhibit nonideal mixing, as determined by surface pressure–area (π–A) isotherms and surface potential measurements, and phase-separation between the two components was observed by the direct visualization of the monolayers, and grazing-incident X-ray diffraction at the air–water interface. The pure and mixed films follow similar trends in the order of C 18 -0-C 18 < PF < χ PF = 0.50 mixed films for both their extent of hysteresis and their stability at the air–water interface. Further, crystallographic data for the mixed film emerge as a simple combination of distinct diffraction patterns characteristic of both the individual components, consistent with the other findings reported here and thus clarify the intermolecular behavior of the binary mixture at the surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".