Neural Implicit Representation for Three-dimensional Ultrasound Carotid Surface Reconstruction using Unsigned Distance Function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accurate 3D geometric shapes of carotid arteries are imperative for the three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) imaging to clinically assess the carotid atherosclerosis (CA). However, the traditional surface reconstruction method, such as iso-surface (ISO-SURF), suffers from the image noise, voxel resolution and additional processing. In this paper, we introduce the neural implicit representation based on the deep learning network for the 3D surface reconstruction of media-adventitia boundary (MAB), plaque, and lumen-intima boundary (LIB) together. The unsigned distance functions are learned by the network to generate the mesh. For the validation, six volumes were simulated in carotid shape with MAB and LIB, and random noise was added around the boundaries. The results showed that experiments on six simulated volumes illustrated better performance than ISO-SURF, with 47%, 36%, and 55% decrease in Chamfer distance, average absolute distance, and Hausdorff distance, respectively. The visualization results from the CA clinical data revealed a smoother and more continuous geometric surface than ISO-SURF. The comparison result has shown the potential of the proposed method to examine vascular pathologies in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".