Development and Testing of an Angled, High Frequency Ultrasound Probe for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgeries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As spine surgeries for decompression of the spinal cord and nerve roots trend towards minimally invasive approaches, conventional visualization methods for surgical guidance, such as ultrasound, are often ineffective. This is because conventional imaging probes are too large to fit down the limited access routes used in these approaches. We have developed a miniature high-resolution ultrasound phased array specifically for this application. The probe has a cross section of 4 mm by 4 mm, length of 16 cm from the handle, and an angled tip that enables imaging at a 40-degree angle from forward looking. The image window was steered between +/-32 degrees with an imaging depth of 15 mm. The array was micromachined using a picosecond laser, had 64 sub-diced elements, and an operating frequency of 30 MHz. The axial and lateral resolution were measured to be 33 μm and 116 μm, respectively, and the secondary lobes were suppressed to -60 dB. During preliminary clinical studies, patients were imaged during minimally invasive spine surgery, where the spinal cord anatomy and compression points could clearly be visualized.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".